output

Learner output, hypothesis testing, and internalizing linguistic knowledge
Ali Shehadeh , Aleppo University, Syria, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, College of Languages and Translation, King Saud University, PO Box 87907, Riyadh 11652, Saudi Arabia Received 6 April 2002; revised 30 October 2002; accepted 14 January 2003. ; Available online 11 April 2003.
Abstract
This study investigates how output can be a process by which second language (L2) learners test out hypotheses about the L2 and the extent to which learner hypothesis testing attempts that result in non-target like (NTL) output are challenged by interlocutors. A picture-description task was used to collect data from 16 participants, eight native speakers (NS) and eight nonnative speakers (NNS) of English, forming eight NS–NNS dyads. All interactions were audio-taped. The data were analyzed and examined specifically for hypothesis testing episodes (HTEs) by NNSs. The results showed that NNSs tested out one hypothesis about the target language (TL) every 1.8 min. The results also revealed that those HTEs that resulted in NTL output and constituted over a third of all HTEs found went completely unchallenged by interlocutors. These results were interpreted to mean that failing to provide corrective feedback or negative evidence to learner output that exhibits NTL utterances or rules may constitute a signal for the confirmation of these utterances or rules, albeit non-target like, from the perspective of the internal processing systems of the learner, which, in turn, constitutes a step toward internalizing linguistic knowledge.
Author Keywords: Hypothesis formation and testing; Feedback; Negative evidence; Comprehensible output; Internalizing linguistic knowledge; Second language acquisition output